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1 The proposal of green food and green livestock and poultry products
In 1984, Guangzhou became the first pollution-free vegetable base in China. In 1990, the Ministry of Agriculture designated pollution-free foods as green foods and formulated standards for green foods. In 1992, the State Council approved the establishment of the China Green Food Development Center. At this point, China's public health has begun to flourish. The development of green food has become a purely global trend. Although foreign countries have different names for such products, such as ecological foods, health foods, natural foods, organic foods, etc., their essential purpose is the same, and they are all designed to produce safety. Quality food. This fully reflects people’s high concern for human health and the ecological environment.
The rapid development of modern industry neglects the protection of the human living environment. While human beings are engaged in material production, they also bring about the destruction of the ecological environment. Air pollution, water pollution, and soil pollution are increasingly serious and agricultural production suffers. In agricultural production, improper use of various chemical substances, especially pesticides and chemical fertilizers, results in further deterioration of the agricultural environment. Crop growth is affected. The residues of harmful substances in agricultural products are intensified. Various harmful substances are absorbed by the body through the enrichment of the food chain. Threatens human health and safety. Rachel Carson, a female biologist in the United States, used a large number of facts to describe the serious harm caused by the use of pesticides to destroy the environmental balance and contributing to the organisms and humans through the enrichment of the food chain. Food poisonings such as rickets are equally shocking and worrying.
With the deterioration of the ecological environment, people are increasingly worried about food contamination and poisoning. People urgently need an ideal food—safety, high-quality, and pollution-free food. The formulation and production of green food is an inevitable result of meeting people’s needs. It is an inevitable requirement for the sustainable development of agriculture. What is green food? Green food is a general name for foods that are safe, nutritious, and non-environmental. It refers not only to green fruits and vegetables, but also to a wide range of foods, including vegetables, fruits, livestock, aquatic products, and oil. , drinks, wine and a series of food and drinks. In animal husbandry production, we refer to livestock and poultry products that meet the green food standards as green livestock and poultry products. It includes meat, eggs, milk and their processed products. At the same time, we call the production of such livestock and poultry products as green food. Livestock and poultry products production.
2 The problems that need to be solved in the production of green livestock and poultry products By the end of 1998, a total of 1018 green food products had been developed in the country, most of which were crop products. The proportion of green livestock and poultry products was very small. In Guangdong, only milk was green. Food, egg and meat green foods have not yet appeared. What is the problem? In fact, according to the current production and management standards of most livestock and poultry farms, it is difficult to eventually produce green food that meets the standards, because there are two major problems that have not yet been solved: First, livestock and poultry The problem of contamination and residues of toxic and hazardous substances in products, and secondly, environmental pollution caused by animal husbandry.
2.1 Pollution and Residue of Poisonous and Harmful Substances in Livestock and Poultry Products Livestock production, due to its own characteristics and pollution from other industrial and agricultural production, results in residual and contaminated toxic and harmful substances in the final livestock products. The residues and pollution of these toxic and hazardous substances mainly include:
(1) Residues of antibiotics. Antibiotic residues refer to the accumulation or storage of antibiotics and their metabolites in animals' tissues and organs after they are treated with antibiotics or fed with antibiotic feed additives. Antibiotics play a positive role in improving some of the production performance of livestock or poultry or in the prevention and treatment of diseases. But at the same time, it also brings about the problem of residual antibiotics. After entering the human body, residual antibiotics have certain toxic reactions, such as increased resistance to pathogens and allergic reactions. There are three main sources of antibiotic residues in livestock and poultry products: first, livestock and poultry feed with antibiotic feed additives; second, use of antibiotics to prevent and treat livestock and poultry diseases, and failing to abide by drug withdrawal period and food hygiene regulations; Is the abuse of antibiotics, artificially consciously added in animal foods, to achieve the purpose of antiseptic and antibacterial.
(2) Hormone residues. Hormone residues refer to the use of hormones as feed additives in animal husbandry production or implanted subcutaneously with animals to achieve the purpose of promoting animal growth and development, increasing body weight and fattening, eliminating sexual odors, and using animals for the same period of estrus, resulting in livestock and poultry products Residues of hormones. These hormones are mostly sex hormones, growth hormones, thyroid hormones and anti-thyroid hormones, erythritol and stimulants. These medicines can cause carcinogenicity and hormone-like effects after being left on the body and cause harm to the human body. Beta-stimulants are believed to have a growth-promoting effect on lambs, broilers, ducks, pigs, and yaks. They were once used in large quantities by many farmers, but at the same time β-stimulants have shown people to exhibit tachycardia, muscle tremor, palpitations and Nervous and other adverse symptoms.
(3) Carcinogen residues. Any substance that causes the formation of cancerous tissue or organs in animals or human bodies is called a carcinogen. At present, the carcinogenic substances that can attract people's attention are mainly aflatoxins, benzo (a) pyrene, nitrosamines, and polychlorinated biphenyls. These carcinogens manifest themselves as follows: first, accumulation or poisoning in the tissues after feeding the animals with bad feed; secondly, contamination during processing and storage of livestock products; and thirdly, pollution caused by use of different or unreasonable additives, such as in meat Nitrite or nitrite is used as a coloring agent in product processing.
(4) Poisonous and harmful substances. The toxic and hazardous elements mainly refer to mercury, cadmium, lead, arsenic, fluorine, etc. These elements accumulate in the body, and if they exceed a certain amount, they will have toxic effects on humans and animals, causing lesions or dysfunction of tissues and organs. The sources of toxic and harmful substances in livestock and poultry products are extensive: (1) Natural environment factors. In some areas, due to special geo-geographical conditions, the content of certain elements in water, soil, and the atmosphere is too high, causing it to accumulate in animals and plants. Animals and plants that grow in high-fluorine areas have high levels of fluoride in their bodies. (2) Contamination in livestock and poultry products, feed processing, storage, packaging, and transportation. The use of machinery, containers, management, and the addition of impure food additives or excipients will all lead to an increase in harmful elements. For example, tin content in canned foods increases, and lead oxide is added as a supplementary material when processing preserved eggs, resulting in increased lead content in preserved eggs. (3) Excessive addition of certain elements in the feed to achieve growth-promoting purposes, such as adding high-dose copper and arsenic preparations to the feed. (4) Due to the contamination of pesticides and chemical fertilizers and industrial wastes, such as bone pain and mink disease in Japan, it is caused by industrial discharge of cadmium and mercury-containing wastewater that enters the human body through the food chain.
(5) Pesticide residues. Pesticide residue refers to the residues of pesticides used to control pests and diseases in foods, livestock and poultry products; pesticide residues in these foods can accumulate or be stored in cells, tissues, and organs after entering the human body. Pesticides play an active role in controlling pests and diseases, removing weeds, controlling human and animal infectious diseases, and increasing the output and quality of agricultural, livestock, and poultry products. However, due to the increasing use of pesticides and varieties, some pesticides are not easily decomposed, such as six. Sixty-six, DDT, and so on, so that crops, livestock and poultry, aquatic products and other animals and plants are subject to varying degrees of pollution, through the accumulation of the food chain, endanger the human life and health. The main way for pesticides to contaminate livestock and poultry products is to transfer pesticide residues in feed to livestock and poultry. The incorrect use of pesticides in the production of feed ingredients such as corn, soybeans, soybean meal, etc., can easily cause pesticide residues. According to a survey conducted by the Japanese Kochi Health Research Institute, due to the high residues of organochlorine pesticides in feed, the highest organochlorine pesticide residues in beef are followed, followed by Chicken, again a pig.
2.2 The problem of environmental pollution in animal husbandry production The great significance of animal husbandry production lies in the fact that it produces abundant meat, egg, and milk for the vast number of consumers, and at the same time provides a large amount of valuable organic fertilizer for other agricultural production. In recent years, the application amount of chemical fertilizers in China has continuously increased, but the effect of fertilizer input has been declining. The reasons are related to the drastic reduction in the application rate of organic fertilizers. Organic manure has the effect of improving soil properties and long-term balance of nutrients and improving the quality of agricultural products. Long-term application of nitrogen fertilizer, soil phosphorus and potassium loss. Organic fertilizer plays an important role in alleviating the imbalance of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash fertilizer supply in China, solving the shortage of phosphorus and potassium resources and promoting nutrient balance. However, we often see another scenario in which highly-intensive and large-scale farms, where large amounts of organic fertilizer cannot be effectively handled and used, have become a major source of pollution for the environment, and have caused serious threats to the lives of urban and rural residents. Other agricultural production is also damaged to some extent. According to a survey of 444 large and medium-sized pig farms in a certain area, 97.7% of pig farms that have not discharged wastewater directly have been treated. This shows that the wastewater from pig farms is seriously polluting the environment. The wastes discharged from livestock ranches are not conducive to the production and sustainable development of green food in the animal husbandry due to pollution and harm to the environment.
After various wastes and pollutants produced in livestock farms enter the atmosphere, water, and soil, they or insects are used as vectors to harm the health of humans and animals. The pollution of these pollutants has the following aspects:
(1) Biological source pollution Biological sources include bacteria, viruses, and parasites, some of which pass through water bodies, and some of which pass through the air to infest animals or humans, and some of which pass through the soil or attach to agricultural products to enter the body.
(2) Malodor pollution The odor in livestock farms is mainly to discharge large amounts of sulfur-containing, nitrogen-containing compounds and carbon oxide compounds into the atmosphere together with other similar compounds of other sources to directly harm humans, animals and plants, especially affecting people's sense of smell. People feel abnormally uncomfortable. These odorous substances can also be converted into water bodies and soils directly or through conversion, causing soil acidification and water decay.
(3) A large number of mosquitoes and flies in livestock farms breed a large number of mosquitoes and flies, and fly around indiscriminately, causing nausea and disgust to the surrounding residents and employees of the factory. Mosquito flies carry a large number of pathogenic microorganisms, causing potential harm to humans and animals.
(4) Faecal sewage discharged from livestock farms Livestock and poultry excreta contaminate water bodies, causing a series of comprehensive hazards, such as: deterioration of water quality and inability to drink; eutrophication of water causes the death of fish and other aquatic animals and plants; decline and swamp of lakes; Red tide in Hong Kong and so on. Inappropriate use of fecal sewage can also cause soil contamination and increased nitrate nitrite in food.
(5) Contamination of water, soil and toxic and hazardous elements in faecal sewage, such as pesticides and antibiotics, etc., enters the human body through the food chain. Such hazards increase with the abuse of antibiotics, harmful elements, and pesticides by producers.
3 Methods and Approaches for the Development of Green Livestock Products The standards for green food production include not only production and processing, but also extends to packaging, transportation and sales, a series of so-called land-to-table processes that focus not only on production and processing. But also pay attention to the quality of the final product hygiene standards. According to the above principles, the following aspects need to be done in livestock and poultry breeding:
(1) Choosing a good green food production base for livestock and poultry to ensure a good ecological environment in the base is a prerequisite for green food production. It includes the air quality of the base, the quality of livestock and poultry drinking water, and the quality of the soil should all meet the standards. To avoid possible pollution, the base must be far away from the industrial and mining enterprises. The base is free of biochemical diseases and no infectious diseases.
(2) Feed raw materials There is a common problem in feed production from green food production bases. The sources of raw materials are wide and miscellaneous, and the contamination and residue of raw materials are difficult to monitor. Therefore, the green food production standard requires that the feed must have a relatively fixed source of raw materials, and the origin is a green food production base.
(3) Strictly use the hormones, antibiotics, additives and veterinary drugs during the feeding, processing, transportation and packaging of feeds, livestock and poultry products.
(4) Vigorously develop and apply beneficial beneficial microorganisms, natural herbal medicines and other beneficial microbial preparations to improve the intestinal environment of livestock and poultry, and reduce the role of harmful bacteria, so as to promote the growth and development of livestock and poultry, improve quality, and reduce waste. The discharge; natural herbal preparations have a wide range of functions, such as enhancing immunity, anti-stress, anti-microbial, anthelmintic, increasing food, increasing eggs, fattening, prolactin, disease prevention, feed preservation, antiseptic and other effects. They all have common advantages: no residue, no toxic side effects, and no safety. Therefore, strengthening the application of beneficial microorganisms and Chinese herbal medicines in animal husbandry production will help reduce the use of hormones, antibiotics, and veterinary drugs, and thus contribute to the health of the human body.
(5) Strengthen feeding and management, pay attention to the welfare of livestock and poultry, reduce or eliminate the occurrence of livestock and poultry diseases, provide good husbandry and management, pay attention to the welfare of livestock and poultry, help reduce the risk of livestock and poultry diseases, and reduce the use of veterinary drugs and antibiotics.
(6) Ensure that the final product of livestock and poultry reaches the hygienic standard for green food. If this is not done, all efforts will be wasted. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure that livestock and poultry products are safely delivered to the table.
(7) Reasonably handle and utilize wastes from production, maintain the local excellent environment, and enable the sustainable development of animal husbandry production. 4 GM biotechnology and green food production of livestock and poultry products
Since the 1990s, genetically modified organisms have made great progress. The application of transgenic biotechnology in agriculture has accelerated the rate of improvement of crops and livestock. The emergence of some disease-resistant and stress-resistant crop varieties has positive significance in reducing the use of pesticides and fertilizers in agricultural production and promoting the high yield, stable yield, and high quality of crops; through the provision of abundant, high-quality, non-toxic residual corn, soybean, and other feeds. Raw materials will be conducive to the development of the feed industry and will be conducive to the production of green food livestock and poultry products. The improvement of livestock and poultry breeds and the development of biomedicine will provide broad prospects for reducing the use of veterinary drugs and additives such as antibiotics and hormones. GMO technology will greatly increase the quantity and quality of crops and livestock products.
However, genetically modified organism technology is still a newborn, and there are still many problems in the application of genetically modified organisms. Due to the economic loss of producers due to lack of experience in all aspects of GMO production, and the potential risks of GMOs, including the destruction of ecosystems and human safety, it has been a controversial issue for the production and application of GMOs. Therefore, whether genetically modified organisms can eventually be widely accepted and applied in agriculture can ultimately become a key technology for promoting the development of green food in animal husbandry, and further research and experiments are needed.
5 Conclusion Green food is the development direction of the world's food. After the incidents such as British mad cow disease, Hong Kong bird flu and dioxin (oral + evil) tainted feed, etc., people have paid more attention to the safety of such foods. The European Community has decided to abolish and prohibit the use of antibiotics and chemical compounds in feed since 2000. Therefore, further development of the use of non-toxic side effects of beneficial microorganisms, natural herbs and other preparations, more and more attention. After entering the customs, animal husbandry production in China will be greatly affected. Livestock producers should change their concepts of seeking quantity but not quality, vigorously develop high-quality, healthy and green foods to increase their competitiveness. The inevitable choice to beat the opponent in market competition.
On the Production of Green Livestock Products
Presented the need to develop green food and livestock and poultry products, as well as two major issues to be solved in the development of green livestock and poultry products: pollution problems and environmental pollution problems; this article describes some methods and approaches for the production of green livestock and poultry products and genetic modification. The application of biotechnology in the development of agriculture and green livestock and poultry products.