(1) Occurrence and control of major diseases of vegetables 1. Vegetable downy mildew: damage to cruciferous vegetables, cucumbers, lettuce, onions, spinach, and mandarin. Distribution and damage: Downy mildew is a more important and more harmful disease, this kind of more important and more harmful diseases, this type of disease symptoms, the law of occurrence, the biological characteristics and pathogenesis of pathogens The environmental conditions are very similar and cause serious damage when the disease is endemic. Symptoms: The disease can develop during the entire growth period. Leaves, stems, peduncles, seed pods, and other parts can be infected by pathogens. On the leaves, yellowish-green lesions with unknown edges were gradually developed and gradually turned yellow to brown. After the lesions were expanded, they were limited by the veins to become polygonal. When the humidity in the field is high, a layer of white frosty mildew is produced on the dorsal part of the leaves. The lesions often heal into one another and eventually cause the entire leaf to die. The disease first occurs on leaves closer to the ground, and young leaves rarely occur.
The main symptoms of downy mildew in vegetables are:
1 mainly damage the leaves, the lesions are faded green or yellowish at the beginning, and there is no obvious perimeter;
2 On the surface of the diseased part (the leaves are mainly on the back surface), a colored layer of mildew (sporangia and spores) grows;
3 The diseased parts mostly started from the leaf near the ground and gradually expanded upwards or inwards. The young leaves rarely occurred. Pathogens: caused by fungal infections. The parasites of these pathogens are obligate parasites that can only absorb nutrients from living tissues and finely, destroying host vegetable tissues and cells. Incidence and environmental conditions: The oospore remains in the soil in the diseased body, or it adheres to the surface of the seed for winter, and after the winter, it is transmitted to the leaf near the ground by means of the rain reverse splash effect, resulting in buds. The tube was initially infiltrated. The climate is hot and cold, when it is sunny and rainy, the humidity in the field is high and the disease is heavy.
Control methods:
1 selection of disease-resistant varieties;
2 Seed treatment: 50% Fushuangmei or 75% chlorothalonil seed dressing, the dosage is 0.4% of the seed weight;
3 Clean gardening: a reasonable rotation, open the trunk and ditch, reduce the field humidity and groundwater level:
4 Pharmacy control: At the beginning of the disease or the emergence of the central diseased plant immediately sprayed, 800 times the available Shuangshuang Ling; Ruidushuang, Ruidudu copper, 25% metalaxyl 1000 times spray, with Hu effect:; can also be used Sen Ammonium, zeocin, and 800 times spray of thifluzol were sprayed on the back when spraying.
2. Vegetable diseases: It can damage cucumbers, wax gourds, peppers, taro, potatoes, and other vegetables. The disease has risen in recent years and is a relatively important disease. If the environment is suitable, the epidemic will occur rapidly, often leading to the destruction of the whole field in the short term.
Symptoms: There are differences in symptoms due to different vegetable varieties:
1 Cucumber diseases damage stems and stem sections, and leaves and fruits can also be harmed. The base of the stem appeared green and immersed in water, the upper leaves gradually withered, and the whole plant died. When the diseased plants die, the diseased leaves are still green, the stems are damaged, the diseased part is curled up and twisted, the upper leaves appear withered, the leaves are damaged, and dark green water spots begin to appear, and after expansion, they are nearly round The lesions, the edges are not obvious, wet weather, often cause the entire leaf to rot.
2 melon blight: damage the fruits, leaf vines. Melon disease occurs in the lower part of the tan blister-like lesions, after the disease Department depression, dense white mold on the surface of cotton, rotten stink. Lesions are yellowish-brown in the leaves, the edges are not obvious, white mold is on, and wet and damp leaves rot.
(3) Bacterial diseases: A stage of adulthood occurs. The lesions show dark brown needle-shaped dots at the beginning of the lesion, and then rapidly expand. The diseased part is dark, the main stem is damaged, the lesions can spread to the branches, and the plants rapidly wither and die. Pathogen: fungal disease. Incidence and environmental conditions: The pathogens in the seeds and seed potatoes are overwintering. Most of the epidemics are spores and mycelium with the diseased plants overwintering in the upper soil. After the winter, the pathogens are mainly caused by the melon splashing effect of rain, and they adhere to the soil. The overwintering pathogens on the pellets spread to the parasitic host and invade the host under appropriate climatic conditions, causing the first infestation to multiply, and can also be re-infected by over-flow, rain, and other means. The factors affecting onset include humidity, cultivation and management level, and disease resistance of varieties, among which humidity is the main factor. Under humid environmental conditions, the epidemic is generally severe, and the terrain is low, the drainage is poor, the soil is heavy, and the water after the rain is wet. Or the land near the ditch is heavy. Partial application of nitrogen fertilizer, extensive management, humidity and vegetable fields are also heavy onset.
Control methods:
1 High-pit deep trenches to strengthen flood prevention;
2 rational rotation, increase organic fertilizer;
3 Select disease-resistant and disease-free seeds;
4 Chemical control: timely spraying protection is a more effective measure to prevent the spread of the disease. Since the incubation period is short and the spread is rapid, it should be carried out before the onset of illness. 0.3% of Bordeaux Cucumber, 0.5% of Cayenne, 1% of potato and potato spray can be sprayed, and metalaxyl 500 times can be sprayed; Liquid, thiophanate-methyl, and dexamethasone spray 1000 times.
3. Fusarium wilt disease: Can damage pepper, tomato, cucumber, wax gourd, gourd, watermelon and other crops.
Symptoms: Solanaceous fruits are mainly expressed on leaves that are closer to the ground. The leaves yellow and then brown and dry. However, the dead leaves are not even detached on the stem. Sometimes the yellow leaves appear only on the side of the stem or leaf. The leaves on the other side were normal in color, and the vascular bundles were brownish when the stem was cut longitudinally or cross-sectionally. Fusarium wilt of melons. In the early stage of disease, the leaves at the base of the stem suddenly appear wilting. It is easy to be confused by the lack of water supply caused by the leaves. This kind of leaf is obvious around noon, and it gradually returns to normal in the evening and continues to occur several days in a row. The whole plant died and the leaves did not fall off. In wet conditions, the surface of the diseased area often produces white or pink moldy material. Pathogenesis and environmental conditions: Pathogens can survive in the soil as the diseased plant residue remains in the soil. The seed surface can also carry bacteria. The pathogens invade through the root wound, and the pathogenic bacteria in the seedling stage are infected until the flowering of the adult plant. Symptoms show that the soil in the vegetable field is acidic, the soil is heavy, and the incidence of low-grade dampness is heavy.
Control methods:
1 Select disease-resistant, disease-free seeds for seed treatment;
2 rounds for change;
3 chemical control, with carbendazim or benzene to special 800 times spray, mancozeb 1000 times spray.
(4) Vegetable anthracnose: It can harm melons, cruciferous vegetables, peppers, eggplants, beans, and other crops. Distribution and hazards: Anthracnose in melons of our province is an important disease on melon crops, and crops such as pepper and Chinese cabbage are heavier. The distribution is widespread and there has been an upward trend in recent years.
Symptoms: Melon anthrax can cause atrophy and discoloration of the stem base of seedlings if they occur at the seedling stage. Causes a brown semicircular lesion on the edge of the leaf. In the adult stage, the disease mainly affects the leaves, stems, vines and fruits. The symptoms of different melons are slightly different. Pathogen: fungal disease. Incidence and onset conditions: The pathogens are overwintering on the debris with the bacterial strains. Some conidia adhere to the surface of the seed for wintering. The pathogens are transmitted through rainwater, insects, etc., and then enter the body through the parasitic surface when in a suitable environment. Invasion from wounds, spreading during the growth of host plants. Environmental conditions have a close relationship with the severity of anthrax. Humidity is a major factor in the induction of anthrax. Melon anthracnose has a relative humidity of over 97%, and the temperature is most intense around 24°C. Pepper anthracnose also has a severe disease in high-temperature and high-humidity environment, so it is most susceptible to the disease in warm and wet weather.
Control methods:
1 selection of disease-resistant and disease-free varieties;
2 Seeds were sterilized prior to sowing, soaked in warm soup, melons and peppers soaked in warm water at 55°C for 15 minutes, or soaked in 100-fold formalin for 30 minutes;
3 turns deep turn to promote the death of pathogens;
4Appropriate close planting, paying attention to field drainage, rational fertilization, avoiding mechanical injury or daily injury, and improving the host plant disease prevention;
5 chemical control: available thiophanate, carbendazim 700-800 times liquid, on behalf of Sen zinc 800 times spray control.
(5) Vegetable Bacterial Wilt: It can damage tomato, eggplant, potato, pepper and other crops, generally the most serious damage is tomato, followed by eggplant and potato.
Symptoms: The tomatoes do not show symptoms at seedling stage. The plants grow to near-inflorescence and begin to develop. The first part is leaf wilting. Afterwards, the lower leaves wilted, the first day is wilting during the day, and the evening recovers. After repeated days, the leaves are light in color, but still Keep the original color and die for 7 days or so. For cross-section inspection, squeezed by hand, can have milky white mucus leakage. Eggplant bacterial wilt, at the onset of disease, the leaves of individual branches suddenly wilted, some of the entire leaf wilting, and some half wilting, and the other half normal leaves. The color of the diseased leaves was light, and the diseased leaves gradually expanded after several days. Finally, the leaves on the whole shoots showed wilting, the diseased leaves in the later period became brown and dry, and they fell off or remained on the branches. There were no obvious symptoms on the diseased roots and stems. The cortex was peeled off and the xylem was brown. Pathogen: Bacterial disease. Incidence and disease conditions: The pathogens will survive overwintering in the soil as the diseased plants remain. The pathogens can live on rot in the stubble plants. They can survive for 1-2 years in the soil. The pathogens infiltrate into the body from wounds in the roots, and the bacteria multiply in the catheter. , The catheter is blocked, water cannot rise, stems and leaves are dying due to water loss, germs are spread by rainwater, agricultural implements, humans and animals, when the rain is heavy, the humidity in the field, the acidity of the soil is high, and the weather is fine after a long period of rain or heavy rain. The temperature rises sharply and the incidence of bacterial wilt is even more serious.
Control methods:
1 Rotation: The three-year crop rotation system in the general field of disease is preferably a dry and dry crop rotation;
2 adjust the pH of soil, apply lime and ash;
3 to improve the cultivation techniques, the use of narrow-narrow ditch cultivation, cultivation of strong seedlings, increasing phosphorus, potassium fertilizer and trace fertilizer;
4 Pharmacy control: The diseased plants were found at the beginning, removed and destroyed, and the surrounding lime was disinfected. In the early stage of disease, 100-150ppM agricultural streptomycin or a pair of enemy-dry double 500-1000 times liquid filling pockets were sprayed.
(b) Occurrence and control of major pests in vegetables:
1. Small ground tiger (Bombyx mori, silkworm): Small ground tiger is one of the important pests of vegetable seedlings. It damages many kinds of crops. It is generally the first-generation larvae that cause serious damage. It was observed in May and June was the peak period of damage. From September to October, there were also happening leaves or young leaves of 1-2 young injuried crops. The 3rd instar larvae cut off the young shoots of the crops, resulting in the lack of seedlings and ridges. Morphological characteristics: adults dark brown, female moth angle filamentous, male moth corner base one-half double-node, the other filamentous, forewing grayish brown, near the edge of the wing with kidney-shaped pattern, ring pattern each First, there are black edges around the lines. The hind wings are gray and white and veins dark brown. Eggs: Hemispherical, with vertical and horizontal down velvet on the surface; larvae: brown to black-brown, with obvious topline, extremely rough body surface, dense black particles. The abdomen has an unsmooth hard-skinned plate that is brownish and has two distinct dark brown bands.蛹: auburn, shiny, 4-5 section abdominal section on the back of the front edge of a large engraved; 5-7 section of the abdomen has a small engraved front edge. The abdomen has a pair of short stabs. Habits: 4-5 generations a year, with mature larvae or cockroaches wintering in the soil, a generation of aphids. Before the 3rd instar, there was feeding during the day, and after 3rd instar, it ate at night and it was necessary to control the spraying. Occurrence conditions: The number of small ground tigers is closely related to rainfall. Rainfall was heavy in the autumn of the previous year, and there was likely to be less rainfall during the April-May period. Generally, rivers, lakes, low-lying geothermal areas, poorly drained wetlands, and clays that contain much water are often found in sandy beaches, causing serious damage.
Control methods:
1 Induction of adult worms, reduction of insect sources available 3 parts of 3 parts of vinegar in brown sugar, 1 part in white ash, 10 parts of water mixed, plus 50% of dichlorvos or trichlorfon in a proportion of 0.1% of the total amount. , To promote the trapping and killing of adults with old filter attractants, the effect is very good, and can be used in large quantities.
2 Fine soil preparation, removal of weeds, elimination of laying grounds for ground tigers, and cutting off the early food source of larvae have an important role in reducing the damage of ground tigers. Chemical control: In the prevention and treatment of 3rd instar larvae, seedlings with holes, nicks and other injurious conditions, 800 seedlings of dichlorfon and dichlorvos are sprayed on seedlings and surrounding weeds to prevent and control. After controlling 3 larvae of larvae, we use dipexans to mix fresh grass, leaves or fried cilantro cakes, and cotton cakes to make poisonous grass baits, which are then thrown into the fields for trapping and killing. Manually capture the larvae by opening the soil around the seedlings in the vegetable field or in the residual hole in the early morning.
2. Locust: Locust is a worldwide pest, which has a wide variety of crops. Apart from damaging melons, it can also feed on leguminous plants, solanaceous plants, cruciferous plants, and Malvaceae, with adults and nymphs on the back of the leaves. Young shoots are sucked on the shoots and the leaves are killed, causing the leaves to curl and delaying the growth period. In severe cases, the seedlings are wilted and die, and they are also the main virus spreaders, and can also aggravate the occurrence and prevalence of stem blight. Occurrence characteristics: Aphids have high fertility and occur in multiple generations in one year, especially in dry season.
Control methods:
1 Elimination of host worms on overwintering hosts, up to 30% when the overwintering hosts and winged fleas, and spraying 1000 times of phoxim or dimethoate;
2 Weed removal, winter and spring combined with composting to eradicate the weeds inside and outside the field, the drainage side, the roadside, and the roadside, eliminating the source of insects. Chemical control: When the aphid occurs in the spotting stage, dimethoate, no pine, 1000 times liquid spray, can also be killed, killing 3000-4000 times spray.
3. Tobacco budworm (Spodoptera exigua) mainly harms crops such as pepper and beans in vegetable crops. Pepper suffers the most severely, and larvae penetrate into the internal hazards of the fruit, affecting the yield and quality of peppers, spreading soft rot, and causing serious losses. Occurrence characteristics: There are 4 generations in Changsha in one year and a few in 5 generations. The earthworms in the pepper land around the surface of the earth are used for winter, and the overwintering period is in the mid-to-mid-May period in May, each generation. The egg hatching period is in early June, the larvae are endangered in the middle and early June, the larvae are in the mid-June period, and the moths are in the mid-July. The second generation of egg hatching period in the middle and late July, larvae endangered in the late July, the peak of the moth in mid-August. The third generation egg is in the middle and late August, and the larvae endanger the middle and late August. The fourth-generation egg hatching period in mid-September, from late September to early October most of the fourth generation of mature larvae into the soil overwintering. During the occurrence of H. assulta, the phenomenon of overlap between generations is very obvious. It occurs in 7-8 months in one year and the damage is serious. Habits: Adults inhabit the peppers and leaves during the daytime, and they are active at night. They have a tendency toward black light and willow branches. Adults like to lay eggs on peppers and tobacco. After the larvae are hatched, they eat the egg shells and then feed on the flower buds. After 3rd age, the fruit is started and there is a habit of turning fruit. Rainwater is an important factor affecting the occurrence of H. assulta. Rainwater is unfavorable for many years, and the drought year is beneficial.
Control methods:
1 Winter ploughing;
2 timely removal of pests and pods, eliminate fruit larvae and prevent fruit transfer damage;
3 Trapping tobacco to trap overwintering adults and spawning to eliminate them;
4 Black lights and willow branches trap insects. Chemical control: trichlorfon 8000 times, enemy killing, rapid killing 3000 times spray, must master the larvae did not break into the fruit before the harm, while the enemy killing, fast extinguishment killing with other pesticides to use alternately, Otherwise it will cause tea seedlings to happen.
4. Tea scutellariae (white spider) Tea scutellariae can damage many kinds of vegetable crops. In recent years, the time of the damage is serious, and it has a great impact on the yield and quality of the chillies, resulting in a loss of up to 40%. Occurrence characteristics: in the south can naturally winter, strong reproductive power, the body is very small, the general eye is not careful observation, it is difficult to find. The tea plant has a tendency to tenderness, so it inhabits many young parts and feeds on its young parts. In particular, it prefers feeding on the back of young leaves. The pepper suffers. The back of the tea leaves is oily, with a brown gradient, the leaf margins curl downward, and the young stems change. Yellow-brown, severely damaged plants are short and bunched, falling and fruiting, forming a bald tip, and the fruits of the pedicel also turn yellow-brown and lose luster, and the fruits grow stagnant and harden. After the eggplant is damaged, the upper part of the eggplant is stiff, the back of the eggplant is gray-brown or yellow-brown, oil-like, and the leaf margin is curled downwards. The stem, fruit stalk, stem piece and fruit are gray-brown. After the eggplant plant is injured in the bud stage, serious Can not flower. Most of the umbilical parts of young fruit after flowering appear pale yellow, and as the fruit grows, it gradually turns dark brown, and the peel cracks and the seeds are bare.
Control methods:
1 Weed out the weeds in the fields, clean the pastoral areas, and promptly remove litter and eliminate insect sources after harvest.
2 Pharmacy control, starting in late May, the first inspection of the main side of the dam, the edge of the dam, the edge of the hill to find the center of the strain, should be sprayed in time, focusing on treatment, from late June to August every 10-15 days Spray once, 3-4 times in a row, spraying the emphasis is on the upper part of the plant, especially on the back of the young leaves and tender stems, flowers and young fruit can use dicofol 1000 times; killing special 800 times spray; have good results.
5. Melon is mainly responsible for cucumber, wax gourd, loofah, bitter gourd and other melon crops. It damages the melon particularly seriously. The larvae harm the leaves, top shoots, and pickles. The damage to the leaves is serious. Occurrence characteristics: Meal field occurs 6 generations a year. The mature larvae and crickets live in the dead leaves of the last winter. Generally, they begin in May and begin to damage at the end of May. The occurrence of large quantities occurs from the end of May to the end of October. The larvae can be seen along the melon, cucumber, and gourd. The eggs are produced on the back of the leaves, and are produced in bulk or in several grains. In the third instar, the larvae of the pupa larvae conjugate the leaves, and the occult larvae engulf the leaves. The leaves can be exposed to light, leaving only leaf veins. The larvae not only eat the young fruits and flowers of the melon, but also sometimes break into the melon. The larvae are lively, and when they are scared, they droop and droop, causing him to harm him. After the larvae are mature, they can whiten the pupa at the victim's site or disperse them in the top soil of the rhizosphere.
Control methods:
1 For the prevention and control of melon fieldworm, it is necessary to master the larvae during the peak period of spraying, and can use dimethoate or trichlorfon 1000 times spray, enemy kill or fast kill kill 4,000 times liquid spray;
2 manually remove the wounded leaf and eliminate the leaf larvae;
3 After the melon crops are harvested, the rattan and defoliation should be promptly collected and burned to eliminate the insect source.

Microcirculation Microscope:

The micro circulation is one of life basic characteristics, and is that the organism unceasingly carries on the matter, the energy and information transmission with the environment. The unicellular organism directly carries on transmission through the cell membrane, the extremity animal is carries on the transmission through the organization gap in blood lymph, but because of evolving to the mammal stage (for example human being), only has the lung ,the stomach and intestines separately carry on material, the energy, the information transmission through the trachea and the esophagus with the external environment, other organized the organ`s position, the function, the metabolism already to finalize, constitutes the organization and the cell of the organ, cannot be direct with the external environment communication, only through tissue fluid, the blood, and the lymph carry on material, the energy, the information transmission.

The Nailfold Capillaroscopy Microcirculation Microscope is an advance medical photoelectric apparatus,equipped with built in special LED light source,used mainly in observation on human nail fold capillary microcirculation or term as video Nailfold capillaroscopy,Such as capillary blood flow, abnormal microcirculation of the vascular structure, cell adhesion, through its powerful 380X(or 240X)optical magnification. Undistorted, real time dynamic video streaming via Sony CCD imaging device onto the LCD monitor screen.

8 Inch Micirculation Microscope

Handheld Microscope,8 Inch Micirculation Microscope,Microcirculation Detector,Nailfold Micirculation Microscope

Shenzhen Guangyang Zhongkang Technology Co., Ltd , http://www.lighttherapymachine.com