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I. Site and soil conditions
The rural areas that are not subject to pollution from factories and domestic wastes are required to have a deep soil layer. They are sandy loam soils, rich in organic matter, and have good water retention and fertilizer retention. Irrigation water requires cleanliness and convenient irrigation and drainage.
Second, the mouth arrangement
Implement rotations to avoid continuous production. Can be used bitter gourd and rice rotation, winter and spring (early period) plant bitter gourd, late planting rice.
Third, before the preparation of interplanting
(I) Cultivation season
After the autumn harvest, rice was planted and harvested in late spring and early summer.
(B) Variety selection
Choose local native (wild) varieties that are resistant to disease, have strong resistance, and have strong medicinal effects, or other high-yielding species. The seed purity is above 95%, the clarity is above 98%, and the germination rate is above 90%.
(c) Site Preparation
Earlier ploughing and turning, breaking the sampan and spreading the base. Rigging, ridge height 15cm, ridge width 95cm, furrow width 30cm.
Fourth, sowing
(A) Nutrition Soil Preparation
The nutrient soil was prepared at a ratio of 70% of disease-free vegetable garden soil, 29.7% of high-quality rotten farmyard fertilizer, and 0.3% of NPK blend fertilizer.
(two) sowing method
1, seed processing
Soak the seeds with warm soup, put the seeds into hot water at 55°C, maintain the water temperature evenly and stably soak for 15 minutes, then maintain the water temperature at 30°C and continue immersing for 10 to 12 hours. After washing the mucilage with water, the seeds can germinate.
2, germination
Soaked seeds moisturize at 30 to 35°C, and about 70% of seeds can be sown when exposed.
3, the next kind
The germinated seeds will be seeded in a nutrient bowl (cups) containing nutrient soil. The amount of seeds per acre is 0.4-0.5 kg, which is sown in mid-November. Watering before planting and covering the thin soil after sowing.
(3) Site preparation base fertilizer
Determine the total amount of fertilizer based on soil fertility and target yield. Basal fertilizer is dominated by high-quality farmyard fertilizers. Generally, 2000 kg of fertile farmyard fertilizer is used per mu, and 40 kg of NPK fertilizer is used. Two thirds of the appendages, one third of the ditch.
(IV) Planting density
When the melon seedling grows to a height of 10 to 12 cm, stem diameter 0.3 cm, 4 to 5 true leaves, cotyledon intact, dark green leaves, and no pests and diseases, can be planted, its row spacing is 80cm35cm.
V. Field Management
(A) insulation warm
In winter, when it encounters relatively cold weather, such as frost, it should be arched with bamboo, covered with a thin film and kept warm until the weather warms up. (The film should be kept in a store for multiple use.)
(b) Seedlings and Miao Miao
10-20 days after planting, timely check seedlings fill seedlings.
(c) weeding, inserting and pruning
1, combined with seedlings to fill the seedlings, the cultivator weeding, cultivator shallow first and then deep, to avoid the roots, and the sulcus of the soil cultivated in the surface, to prevent down the seedlings.
2, insert or hang vine
Using derricks to hang vine cultivation.
3, pruning, playing the bottom leaves
According to the density of the size of the pruning, timely removal of diseased leaves and aging leaves, the bitter gourd field of the leaves and weeds clean up the debris, focus on the harmless treatment, keep the field clean.
4, artificial pollination
When necessary, carry out artificial pollination, ie, take male flowers that are open on the second day in the afternoon and put them in a dry environment at about 25°C. Remove the corolla from the 8th to the 10th of the next day and gently apply the pollen on the female stigma. Each male flower can be used for pollination of three female flowers.
(d) Watering
Water properly according to season and mood. During the seedling stage, soil moisture should be maintained. See dry watering, and the effective water content of the soil is maintained at 80% or more. After easing the seedlings, select the sunny seedlings and pour seedlings on a sunny morning, then plant the seedlings; After 5 to 10 days, pour water once; The production of soil moisture as much as possible in the appropriate range. During the growth of bitter gourd, the relative humidity of air is maintained at 60 to 80%.
Bitter gourd is not tolerant, and it should be ruled out in time when it rains.
(five) Fertilization
According to the length of the bitter gourd and the growth period, fertilize according to the requirements of balanced fertilization, timely fertilization. Organic fertilizers are generally used, fertilizers are used in limited amounts, and chemical fertilizers are used in combination with high-quality farmyard fertilizers. Each mu has rot 3000 kg of farmyard fertilizer and 60 kg of NPK fertilizer. Do not use industrial waste, municipal waste, and sludge as fertilizer, and do not use organic fertilizers such as manure, animal waste, urine, etc. that have not been fermented and decomposed, have not reached the target of harmlessness, and have exceeded the standard for heavy metals.
When fertilizing, combined with site preparation and applying basal fertilizer, the amount of basal fertilizer per acre is: 2000 kg of farmyard manure and 40 kg of compound fertilizer, accounting for about 66.7% of the total fertilizer. According to the soil fertility and growth conditions to determine the time and quantity of topdressing, generally when all the first melon sit and begin to expand, per acre topdressing farmyard fertilizer 1000kg, plus compound fertilizer 20kg. No top dressing within 30 days before harvest.
(6) Pest control
1. Agricultural control
Selection of disease-resistant varieties; rational distribution, implementation of rice rotation, clean the pastoral, strengthen the cultivator weeding, reducing the number of pests and diseases.
2. Chemical control
The disease resistance of bitter gourd is strong, and the growth period is in the winter and spring seasons, with few diseases. Occurrence of leaf mildew, powdery mildew, etc. occurs occasionally during the growth period, and high-efficiency, low-toxic, low-residue chemical pesticides can be used for prevention and control, together with biological agents, In mineral preparations, the number and intervals of the administration must be strictly controlled.
Before harvest, strict compliance with the relevant provisions of the withdrawal period.
6. Harvesting
The timely removal of malformed melons and the early harvest of root melons were later harvested from March to June according to the maturity of the bitter gourd or the market needs.
Winter bitter gourd planting technology
The spring season in the Chaoshan region is like spring. In the winter and spring seasons, bitter gourd can be grown as long as there is little protection, and high-quality, high-yield and high-efficiency can be obtained.