Low-yield Reasons and Countermeasures of Sugarcane in Dryland
The sugarcane on the sugarcane pods (heads, piles) left in the soil after harvesting the sugarcane grows into new plants under certain temperature, moisture, and air conditions and forms a new plant through artificial cultivation and management. Sugar cane is known as ratoon cane. In recent years, most of the ratoon sugarcane area in the Nanning Overseas Chinese Investment Zone in Guangxi has been reduced by 20%-40% compared to the newly planted sugarcane production. Therefore, to find out the reasons for the low yield of ratoon sugarcane, and to explore the ways to increase the yield, the high production, high sugar, and high efficiency of ratoon cane have become an urgent need in production. One reason is the lack of seedlings. 1. The new planting sugar cane foundation is a good new planting cane is the key to ratoon cane cultivation. The requirements for the cultivation of new sugarcane are: to improve the growth conditions of underground root buds, to ensure the growth of “three bamboo shoots†(birth bamboo shoots, winter bamboo shoots, and underground bamboo shoots); deep plough and shallow seed, and reasonable dense planting to ensure the number of effective stems per hectare at the time of harvesting About 82,500, and distributed evenly; pay attention to pest control, drought prevention, flood control, and fall prevention, so that the ratoon cane root has good root system and strong underground buds. The sugarcane planting area has low cultivation level, extensive management, and little application of tail fat, resulting in weak growth of new planting sugarcane, malnutrition of sugarcane roots, severe planting of ridges, and low number of effective stems. According to the survey, the effective number of stems is only 60,000-75,000 pieces/ha and the yield is only 60-75 tons/ha. 2. The wintering damage of sugarcane borer is seriously affected by traditional cultivation methods. Most of the ratoon cane in our field has not been managed in time after harvesting, and the overwintering time is long. The overwintering causes more dead buds and dead mites; The buds are exposed and susceptible to frost damage resulting in dead buds; there are few foods in winter and the mice are active frequently. They often make holes under the cane to eat cane buds; they do not clear the garden in time, have many diseases and insect pests, and often encounter heavy rainfall and high humidity in the fields. Cane pod wounds are susceptible to infection causing the sprouts of sugarcane sprouts and even the entire cane. 3, hairy conditions caused by the cane cane can not send strains of the main factors are the following: (1) poor quality ridge loose pine. Perennial rattan buds are generally distributed in the topsoil 0-20 cm range, of which about 20% in the topsoil 0-10 cm in the soil layer, called the upper buds, this part of the buds in the environment of good ventilation conditions, generally Can produce strains, but the slim cane seedlings, the root distribution is not deep, the rate of stem formation is low. About 80% of the sugarcane buds are distributed in the soil less than 10 cm above the topsoil, which is called the middle and lower buds. This part of the buds is dormant due to poor ventilation. If it is not loose, it is difficult to germinate; , The rate of stem formation is high. There is no broken ridge machinery in this sugarcane area, and there is no loosening machinery. The local sugarcane farmers only use small ploughs to break ridges and there is no loose soil. Some only have sugarcane leaves covering the ground for moisturizing. As a result, the ratoon cane rate is low. (2) Poor quality of chopping. When the cane head is too high during harvesting, the first surface germination of the sugarcane sprouts produces an "apical apex" that inhibits the germination of more of the underlying sugarcane sprouts. (3) Fertilizer is not sufficient. Due to the weak growth potential of the ratoon cane, no timely fertilization has been applied and some of the sprouts that started sprouting have not been able to develop due to malnutrition. 4, management is not timely People generally attach importance to new sugarcane, but lack of attention to the rattan root cane, resulting in extensive management and relatively lagged behind, not suitable for premature ratoon cane early growth, slow growth late, mature early features. Delayed in the clearing of gardens, ridges and ridges, and inspections of deficiencies, fertilization, soil cover, and cover membranes, the lack of seedlings and ridges due to missed growing seasons has not ensured sufficient basic seedlings. Second, the rate of stem formation is low. 1. Physiological death The location of the underground buds is different, and the nutritional conditions are also very different. Therefore, the sprouting time of the sprouts of the soil is very different. Generally, the process of sprouting is as long as 2-3 months. Therefore, the ratoon cane seedlings are mostly uneven, with uneven distribution and intensity, and many physiological deaths. 2. Natural disasters The sugarcane area is located in the south subtropical monsoon climate zone. Annual rainfall is unevenly distributed and is often affected by typhoons and droughts. 3, low management level Sugar cane is c plant, high biological yield, hectares of cane fertilizer required large amount. However, the sugarcane plant generally only used 750 kg/ha special fertilizer for sugar cane and 450 kg/ha urea during the whole growing period, resulting in serious shortage of sugar in ratoon cane. In addition, due to poor management, plant diseases and insect pests caused by the plant withered, broken is also more serious, mainly chafer, cotton aphids, thrips, shoot rot disease, rust and brown strip disease. The first strategy is to plant new sugar cane and cultivate strong cane. On the basis of selecting perennial strong, high-yield and high-sugar varieties, the following points are emphasized: (1) Careful site preparation and reasonable close planting. Deep plowing with deep-plow tractors deep into the subsoil layer creates a “deep, loose, fine, flat†soil environment with two plows and two plows to improve the soil's water storage, water retention, and fertilizer retention. The spacing is 90-100 cm, the depth of the ditch is 25-30 cm, the width of the ditch is 20-25 cm, the bottom of the ditch is flat and there is a layer of fine crushing loose soil about 5 cm. Implementation of the "three wet" species, namely soil wet, fertilizer wet, wet sugar cane, double-line "goods" font arrangement, with 105000-120000 buds per hectare, to ensure the number of effective stems 75000-90000 between. (2) Strictly sterilize sugarcane varieties. Select full-filled, disease-free pests, no mixed, and robust cane shoots for the shoots, then split the leaves into double buds and add 50% carbendazim or thiophanate-methyl 100-120 grams per 100 kg of water. Soak the stems for 5-10 minutes and then pick up the plants. (3) make up strong tail fertilizer. Between August and early September, choose to see the growth of sugarcane after the rain for fertilization, generally apply 300 kg of urea per hectare, and cover a small amount of soil, in order to maintain the vigorous growth of sugarcane in late and increase sugarcane nutrition, cultivate robust sugarcane sprouts And underground bamboo shoots. (4) Ensure the quality of cuts. When the harvest is cut, the young cricket should be cut low, and the soil should be 3-6 cm, leaving the cane piles 8-10 cm. This will cut off part of the locusts that sneaked into the cane stalk and reduce the density of the larvae, which in turn will encourage low-bud emergence in the next year. Can also receive 2250-3000 kg/ha of sugar cane. In addition, the tools for cutting sugarcane must be sharp to prevent cutting the cane head and affect the sprouting of ratoon cane. Second, the implementation of "five early", timely ridge closure, timely harvesting cultivation measures. 1, early Qingyuan Park is to clean up the sugar cane harvest after the sugar cane fields, cane tip, residual leaves and autumn, winter bamboo shoots and so on. The garden was started in early February, and sugarcane harvested after February was cleared immediately. The method of burning sugar cane leaves can be used to kill the pests remaining in the sugarcane field and reduce the insect source. 2. After the ridge, pine, cymbal, and garden are completed, the ridges and pines can be opened after the completion of the ridge. The ridge requirements are close to the cane head but cannot damage the cane pods, and the depth is close to the base of the cane head. The method is to loosen the cover soil between the heads of the cane with narrow-necked buns, so that the 1/3-1/2 of the cane head is exposed, and the base of the cane clams is 3-5 cm. After 10 to 15 days of sweet-stemmed pods, the cane head gets enough oxygen to promote sprouting. 3. After early fertilization and ridge cultivation, after the middle and lower part of the sprouts are sprouted, select the post-rain (or watering) soil when the soil is wet to fertilize the ridges and simultaneously control the underground pests. The method is: the amount of phosphorus, potassium and fresh sugar cane is the same, apply 120-1500 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate per hectare, 300-450 kg of potassium chloride, 450 kg of urea, or the corresponding amount of compound fertilizer; add 3% of carbofuran 75 Kilograms or 5% Tebutrazine 45 kg were mixed with the fertilizer and then applied. The soil in the furrows was overlaid on the sugar cane head and was used as a tortoise-shaped spray before the pre-herbicide herbicide film. 4. Check the cane to fill the gap and open the ridge after checking the cane field. If no cane pods or cane pods have been rotted more than 30 centimeters apart, timely repair or patching of the land that is not occupied by the cane can be done. Practical, full of water. After the seedlings were inspected again, the seedlings were replanted with the pre-breeding cane seedlings, and management was strengthened to make up one strain, live one strain and one stem. 5, early earth soil, early prevention and control of pests and ratoonings of the ratooning early growth, early jointing growth, management than the new sugarcane early 30-40 days, in late May to early June heavy attack stem fertilizer after the big earth, nitrogen fertilizer In the main, about 450-600 kilograms of urea are applied per hectare. The soil height is above 20-30 cm, making the sugarcane plant less susceptible to lodging. 6, timely sealing ridge, stripping leaves covered drought-resistant cane land storage trench is an effective, simple and easy way to prevent drought. Before the rainy season arrives, the ends of the ditch should be sealed with mud to store water and resist drought. In addition, the yellowish cane leaves below the tipping stage are evenly covered in the sugarcane field, reducing the evaporation of water, increasing the ventilation and light transmission, promoting the growth of the cane stem, and enhancing the lodging resistance. 7, timely harvesting at the beginning of the cropping season, first cut down the root cane, usually in November. Third, promotion of plastic film covering cultivation techniques. The cultivation of sugarcane mulching has the effect of increasing soil moisture, reducing evaporation of soil moisture, and maintaining a good structure of the soil. It can increase the planting rate and increase the number of basic seedlings. According to reports, 10 days after the film was covered, the temperature of the soil in the film increased by 2-5°C, and the humidity dropped slowly compared with the non-covered film.