Chestnut cultivation and management
Chestnut is a famous excellent dried fruit tree species in the Fagaceae Division. Our people have thousands of years of cultivation history and have accumulated rich experience. It occupies an important position in the economic life of our people. Chestnut is nutritious and delicious. Fresh food, fried food, cooking and making various snacks and dishes. With the characteristics of sweet, fragrant, and wolfberry, but also has the function of spleen-invigorating the liver and strengthening the body, it is famous in China and foreign countries and is known as Chinese chestnut in the international market. Origin people call it a hardcore crop. I. Characteristics Most parts of China are cultivated. Chestnut is a positive tree species, hi light, deep roots, crown development. The soil requirements are not strict, slightly acidic, and ph4.6-7.5 is appropriate. The most favorable is the growth of gravelly loam with deep fertile, moist and well-drained soil. The chestnut tree is 20 meters high. The bark is irregularly deep and longitudinally cracked. The branchlets are densely covered with gray-white fuzz. The leaves are long elliptical to elliptic, lanceolate, 9-18 cm long and 4-7 cm wide. The underside is gray and white. Hair and hairs; male inflorescence 9-20 cm long, female flowers are more born in the base of the male inflorescence, often 3 are concentrated in the total scorpion, cupule spherical, stellate hairs, nuts 2-3, diameter 2 - 3 cm, often flat on one or both sides, dark brown, flowering from May to June every year, fruit ripening from September to October. Shoots are divided into development branches, fruiting branches, resulting mother branches, male flower branches, leggy branches and other different types. Developmental branches: developed from leaf buds and stable buds. Robust growth is the basis for the formation of the canopy of the canopy; the resulting shoot: the fresh shoots of the year from the mother tree, with the male and female flowers, and the result of the flowering; the result is the mother shoot: the shoot bearing the mixed shoot is the result of the mother shoot. From the top of the mixed shoots, the branches were drawn and the lower shoots were used to draw developmental branches and male inflorescences. Several shoots near the base did not germinate; male flowering branches: branches that were drawn from incompletely mixed shoots, only male and female inflorescences. Studied long shoots: After the buds and leaf buds are stimulated, long, upright shoots are drawn. The shoots sprouting near the main trunk are growing vigorously and are not easy to be transformed into fruit branches. The new shoots sprouting in the middle and upper branches of the main branch grow slowly and grow into fruit branches within 2-3 years. The leggy branches occur more on the saplings, and the optional part is the trunk branches; the old trees are less frequent and are good branches for renewal and rejuvenation. Second, the advantages and disadvantages of the cultivation technology seedlings directly affect the survival rate of cultivation, the growth and results of young trees, so the development of chestnut production must pay attention to the quality of seedlings, and cultivate high-quality seedlings. Grafting and breeding techniques: Grafting can maintain the characteristics of good varieties, and can bring about early results. Rootstocks are selected from 1 to 4 years old, about 4 cm thick chestnut and cone seedlings. In a well-growth, vigorously growing mother tree, one-year-old stout branches are selected as scions. Grafting time is generally from late February to April. Grafting methods can be used for splicing, double tongue grafting, slicing abdominal grafting, skin grafting, skin grafting tongue grafting, and abdomen bracing. In order to increase the survival rate of grafting, scion can be treated with 15% naphthylacetate for 24 hours. Rootstocks are cultivated in nurseries for grafting and then colonized. It is also possible to plant rootstocks first, then graft them after they survive, and to set up branches to support new shoots. Pay attention to fertilization, watering, loose soil, weeding, and remove the dressing after 1-2 months of growth. The length of new shoots is 40-50 cm. When you want to take care of your heart, you can increase the growth of seedlings and promote branching. At the same time, regular attention should be paid to removing germination and root strips in order to avoid scramble for nutrients with the scion. Live breeding techniques: Choose middle-aged chestnut trees with excellent varieties and robust growth and no pests as seed collection mother trees. Seeds must be large, thin, and fully mature. In the vicinity of afforestation sites, they should be used as a nursery site where the topography is flat, the soil is fertile, the drainage is good, and irrigation is convenient. According to the spacing of 25-30 centimeters, ditch, according to the spacing of 10-15 cm, the seeds will be placed horizontally in the ditch, and then cover the soil 3-4 cm, and press the seed and the soil in close contact. 70-100 kg per acre sow, about 20 days seedlings unearthed. After emergence, pay attention to loose soil, weeding, irrigation, 6-month dressing 2-3 times, 1-year-old seedlings up to 50-70 cm, you can go out of afforestation. Chestnut afforestation, planting a hole of 111 meters, cast basal fertilizer, according to the variety, soil quality, slope and whether the intercropping farmers, determine the row spacing, fertile soil where 88 meters, usually 55 meters. The afforestation season was better when the sap flowed before and after the winter and spring. When planting, pay attention to pouring enough water to set the roots. In the dry season, water should be often watered according to the wet conditions. Third, tending and managing chestnut trees every year to carry out loose soil, weeding, cutting off the miscellaneous wood, in order to mature the soil, reduce water evaporation, promote the growth and development of forest trees, reduce pests and diseases. Tear soil, weeding in the annual spring and autumn. Intercropping of forestry crops is carried out in places where conditions permit, and intercropped crops include cereals, peanuts, beans, and potatoes. Chestnut trees are sensitive to fertilization. The fertilization can increase production by 10% to 20% in the current year, and double the production in the second year. Fertilizers are mainly organic fertilizers, combined with chemical fertilizers. In the winter, the manure is applied to the ring ditch, and the fertilizer is applied in the spring and summer. The radial or acupoint application is preferred. Correct pruning is also one of the important measures to increase the output of chestnut. Saplings should be kept low and dry. The canopy should be developed. Generally, it is evacuated and layered semi-circular, with air and light transmission, which is good for tree growth and results. Its shaping method: dry height 60-100 cm, main branch 5-6, 2-3 layers, first layer 2-3, second layer 1-2, third layer 1. The thin branches below the main branch extension should be removed. Pay attention to the opening angle during plastic surgery, cut off the endogenous branches, thin and weak branches, leggy branches, and retain the oblique branches of exogenous branches in order to maintain the sparse development of the tree. Chestnut wood is light chestnut brown, straight in texture, thick in structure, heavier and harder, and resistant to decay and moisture. It is used for sleepers, pillars, vehicles, agricultural implements, etc. Logs can also cultivate mushrooms. Bark cupules, twigs, and pith in the wood all contain tannins and can be used to make tannin extracts. Leaves can be fed with tussah. Flowers are also a good source of honey. Chestnut is not only a treasure of the whole body, but also has strong adaptability, resistance to drought and stasis, and is easy to cultivate and manage. Once harvested for one hundred years, it has strong disease resistance and stable yield. The development of chestnut production has great significance for the development of the mountainous economy and the improvement of the life of the peasants.