Non-pollution horseshoe cultivation technology
Horseshoe (è¸è ) has a long history of cultivation in Guangxi. The horseshoe production produced in Guilin is high (typically 1,500 to 2,000kg in 667m2). It is known for its quality. It is famous both at home and abroad. It used to have a poem of “Raining Guilin Run Horseshoeâ€. Horseshoe can be used for vegetables, but also for fresh fruit consumption, as well as making candied fruit, fructose, and extracting starch (horseshoe powder) and cans for export; it also has the efficacy of thirst quenching, digestion and antipyretic activity. In order to improve the quality of horseshoe and achieve pollution-free food standards, the following operating procedures should be mastered during cultivation. 1 The base chose to stay away from industrial and mining enterprises (5km away), without “three wastes†pollution, with sufficient light, loose topsoil, solid soil on the bottom, about 20cm of tillage layer, adequate water supply, convenient irrigation, and clean water (no pollution) in sandy loam paddy fields. The horseshoe cultivated in sandy loam, the bulbs are shallow, the size is neat, the meat is tender and sweet; in the heavy clay, the bulbs are small, irregular; in the soil with too much humus, the crude juice is less, the skin is thicker Black, lacking a crisp and sweet flavor. Horsehoof bogey continuum, such as continuous bulbs when not easy to hypertrophy, low yield, disease, and difficult to harvest. In general, it takes 2 to 3 years of rotation for mat grass, arrowheads, white rice, and rice. 2 During the cultivation season, horseshoe hi is hot and humid, and it is not tolerant to yin. It should be grown in the frost-free period. The whole growth period is 210 to 240 days. Temperature above 15 °C began to sprout, 25 °C ~ 30 °C when the planting ramets grew fastest; bulb formation and dry and cold environment, with an average temperature of 10 °C ~ 20 °C better. In the winter, the ground is dead and the bulbs pass through the soil in winter. According to the biological characteristics of the horseshoe, the horseshoe planting period in Guangxi is relatively mobile, and can be transplanted from the Qingming to the summer at any time. However, in order to obtain high yields of horseshoe, it is advisable to start seedlings from the Ching Ming to the summer heat. It is advisable to plant them early. The transplant time should not exceed the summer heat at the latest. Plants can produce tillers and ramets during the summer solstice to the summer, and harvesting begins in late October. The harvest period is from late November to late December. Qingming to Guyu began to germinate called early water horseshoe; before and after the summer solstice called germination called water horseshoe; small heat to great heat began to germinate called late water horseshoe. 3 Before and after the site preparation and application of small basal fertilization, the field is cultivated. Generally, 3 to 4 times of cultivating are performed to make the field soil into a paste. When the last cultivating, the base fertilizer is applied. Horseshoe is more resistant to fertilizer, requiring the application of sufficient base and quick-effect fertilizer with the base fertilizer. Generally, every 667m2 of broccoli cake is 50kg, and the compost of human urine 1 500kg or pig manure 2kg, and potassium chloride 12 to 15kg. 4 Seedlings and Seedling Management 4.1 Breeding horseshoe bulbs is used for breeding. Horseshoeing in the field is not suitable for early harvesting. It is usually extirpated when germinating and raising seedlings. Seeds are selected one by one before seeding. The bulbs are larger and the seed shape is higher. Piers, apical shoots with lateral buds, no pests, no dead bulbs for breeding. Every 667m2 field needs to be seeded: 75 to 100kg of horseshoe and horseshoe in late water, and 15 to 20kg of horseshoe in early water, which varies according to the planting period. 4.2 Breeding Seedlings Cultivation of dwarf and robust strong seedlings is the basis for high quality horseshoe production. Usually in the Qing Ming to Gu Yu rain. Due to the low temperature in early spring and slow emergence, germination should be carried out 30 to 45 days before planting. Horseshoe species should be excavated before sprouting in the spring equinox. After indoor germination, generally nursery will be conducted in dry and flooded fields. You can also raise seedlings in open field. Indoor germination method: Before sowing, the seeds were soaked with 25% carbendazim wettable powder 500 times for 12 hours to kill the bacteria on the surface. Then weave the straw on the ground, alternately stack 3 to 4 layers of seed pods on the straw, top buds facing up, then cover with straw, water 2 or 3 times a day, keep moist, after 10 to 15 days, Began to take blue, shoot length 1.5cm, remove the grass cover, continue to water to keep moist, 20 days later, the phyllosphere began to grow, and there are 3 to 4 side buds germinate at the same time, you can plant in Putian. 4.2.1 Putian preparations The paddy fields must be selected so that there are no “three wastes†pollution, and drainage and irrigation are convenient. Dry lands are generally set in the gaps behind the house front and in the vegetable garden. , build a pool around the building, the outer shallow trenches to facilitate the preservation of water and drainage. Then, irrigating the bed to make the soil into a muddy state. The practice of the paddy field is similar to that of a paddy field, with a width of 90-120cm, a smooth surface, and a good cocoon around. The bottom of the bed is first covered with a layer of glutinous ash or a layer of water. Layer mud, about 1.5cm thick, sulcus depth 24 ~ 30cm, ditch irrigation. 4.2.2 Postponed bulbs will be discharged one by one into Dianchi Lake, and the bulbs will be pressed into the mud 1cm, species spacing 6cm6cm, the requirements of bud head uniform, row, and drying for half a day, so that the soil surface crust. Summer nursery, the seedbed is easy to dry, after the broadcast, the need to scaffold shading, to prevent seedlings dry, after the scaffolding, and then poured mud 1 or 2 times. Exposing the bud tip to cover the straw keeps the soil moist. 10 ~ 15d after the seedling height 10cm, short stems grow on a new root, remove the shade, and gradually exercise seedlings, about 20d, seedling height 100 ~ 150cm and there are 5 ~ 6 phylloidal when the planting can be. 4.2.3 When the seedlings are cultivated and seedlings are cultivated, the seedbeds need to be kept moist, and the paddy field for transplanting seedlings should maintain 1.5 to 3 cm of shallow water to promote ramets. 5 Before the planting and colonization, pull out the earthworm. When the seedlings are raised, the seedlings are carefully dug out of the bulbous stems, and the slender seedlings with thin phyllosides are removed. After such seedlings are planted, the ramets are not likely to occur, which is commonly called male horseshoe. If the seedlings are raised for a long time and ramets have been produced, they can be planted separately from the parent strains. After digging, the seedlings were washed and the soil was soaked with 25% carbendazim wettable powder 500 times for 1 to 2 hours to reduce the occurrence of field diseases and then planted again. If the seedlings are too high, they can be cut at the tip of the leafy stem at 30 to 35 cm to prevent the wind from shaking the plants after planting and affecting the rooting or wind blow. Depth of planting, planting seedlings with bulbs, 9cm deep into the soil with bulbs, roots are suitable for mud. If it is too shallow, there will be less ramifications and fewer bulbs. If the depth is too deep, the trees will grow slowly and the pods will be too deep to be easily picked up. When planting ramets with no bulbs, the roots are buried first and then inserted into the soil to a depth of 12-15 cm. Planting density, plant spacing 30cm50cm or so, 667m2 planted 4 000 to 5 000 points. 6 Field Management 6.1 When irrigation is performed, the field should be filled with shallow water. After the colonization and survival, the irrigation is gradually deepened. In the period of ramets and tillers, the depth of irrigation is 1.5 to 3cm. After the bulbs mature, they are drained 1.5 to 3cm deep. After the bulbs mature, they are drained 2 weeks before harvest. If harvested in the spring, the fields in winter still need to be moist to prevent the soil from cracking. 6.2 Dressing early water horseshoe, to apply organic fertilizer as the base fertilizer, the amount of fertilizer should be less; the water horseshoe and the late water horseshoe are mainly fast-acting fertilizers, generally combined with cultivating and weeding top dressing 2 or 3 times. The first topdressing was carried out before the great heat, and 500 to 800 kg of excrement was applied per 667 m2, and 80 to 100 kg of plant ash. When the white dew meets the equinox knot, if the plant has not been sealed, it should be applied after the first 10 days of topdressing, and 500 kg of feces and urine should be applied again. As a result, each time the top dressing is applied, the shallow field water is put in and the fertilizer is sucked into the soil. , and then irrigation to the original depth. 6.3 Cultivating and weeding plants from planting to plant storage line, weeding and weeding 2 or 3 times, the time should be carried out during the first and second ramets. After each weeding and paddy field, top dressing is performed once. 7 Integrated prevention and control of stalk blight, botrytis cinerea, and ferret 7.1 Stalk blight prevention and control methods for more than 3 years of rotation, selection of disease-resistant varieties, seed disinfection, strengthen management, to achieve separate drainage and irrigation, to avoid string irrigation or flood irrigation, pay attention A field survey found that the diseased plants should be removed in time to prevent the spread of pests and diseases. In the early stage of disease, 50% carbendazim WP is used 500 times, or 70% thiophanate-methyl WP is sprayed 800 times, sprayed once every 10 days, and sprayed twice. 7.2 Pest control methods for botrytis cinerea In the early stage of the onset of the field, timely medication control. Use 50% Suo Ke Ling WP 2 000 times, or 50% Propionin WP 1 000 ～ 1 500 times plus 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 1 000 times, every 7～ 10d spray 1, even spray 2 or 3 times, in case of rain, it is necessary to make up the spray. 7.3 White locust control methods White locusts are less harmful (usually from mid-August to mid-September) and can be trapped by light. 8 After harvesting bulbs, the aboveground parts will die, from the beginning of frost to the clear year of the following year, and can be harvested at any time. Drainage 1 day before harvest to keep the soil soft and easy to dig. Early harvest before and after the fall of the horseshoe, meat tender, taste is not sweet, not all old skin turned red, thin and intolerant storage; around the winter solstice, bulbs turn reddish brown, starch is converted to sugar when harvesting the most appropriate. The highest period of sugar in bulbs is from the winter solstice to the Osamu. Since the consumption of nutrients by the bulbs themselves, the sugar content gradually decreases, the epidermis thickens, and the quality decreases. Therefore, the horseshoe that is harvested after the winter is not as good as the ones harvested before winter. it is good. About the author: Zhou Peixi (1958-), female, agronomist, originally engaged in fruit and vegetable production technology promotion work, from 1997 till now engaged in agricultural environmental protection and pollution-free agricultural production technology promotion work.