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A drug used to treat a microbial infection(antibiotic drugs).
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The Matching Techniques for Improving Cattle's Cold Pregnancy Rate
Cattle artificial insemination technology is a set of comprehensive technologies composed of several key technical links. To improve the cold allocation rate of cattle, it is necessary to apply the relevant technologies to the appropriate applications. There are close links between relevant technologies, and technical problems at a certain stage will affect the conception rate to varying degrees. Now with the author's many years of practical experience, the technical points of each link in the supporting technology are described below. 1 Checking the quality of frozen essence The quality of frozen essence is the key to determining the success or failure of cold blending. Therefore, the sperm supply unit must be honest-oriented, and must ensure the quality of frozen sperm in the process of production, distribution, and transportation of frozen sperm to ensure that sperm motility is above 0.3, and unqualified frozen essence is not issued. The insemination technicians must strictly follow the relevant operating procedures in the insemination process to ensure that the sperm vitality is not affected by the outside world or human beings. The semen after thawing should be subjected to microscopic examination to observe 3 to 5 fields of view, 2 to 3 At the level, spermatozoa in a straight line must account for more than 30% of the total (ie, activity 0.3). It must be ensured that the number of effective spermatozoa reaches 1,500 to 20 million or more in order to achieve normal in vivo fertilization, and semen with a vibrancy of less than 0.3 is determined. Not used. 2 Appropriate and insemination time When the estrous cow has the following performance, the first insemination can be considered. 2.1 The cows are quiet and do not evade contact. 2.2 Grasp the back of the oxtail. 2.3 The quantity of mucus flowing out of the vulva no longer increases. Mucus is mixed with gray or beige opaque lump or small granular mucus. 2.4 After the estrus trial, the bull still followed the estrus cow, but the cow refused to climb and the estrus began to disappear. The swollen pudendal area began to subside. The two sides of the vulva covered each other and the mucous membrane changed from flushing to pink or pink. . 2.5 From the obvious estrus performance, such as climbing, barking, thin mucus, etc., after 24h or cows refused to climb 6~12h. 2.6 rectal examination Cervical congestion swelling degree has been reduced, the palace outside the mouth is slightly hard, the mouth is soft. 2.7 The rectal examination showed that the volume of follicles was no longer increased, the wall became thinner and the fluctuation was obvious, and there was a feeling of touch. 2.8 After inserting the finger into the vagina, the cow's tail is lifted up, and the vulva contracts, urinating and immediately urinates. 2.9 After the first insemination, the second insemination is performed after 8 to 12 hours. 2.10 In practice, the fertility rate is high at 5:00 to 6:00 in the early morning and 17:00 to 18:00 in the evening. Female broiler eggs occur in the 4 ~ 20h after the disappearance of libido, more ovulation at night than in the day, accounting for more than 70%. 2.11 In practice, it is impossible to grasp the ovulation pattern very accurately, and it is usually a method of injecting two essences in a love period. The first time in the morning, then the second time in the evening; if the first time in the evening, the second time in the morning the next morning. At the same time, according to the experience of “older with early, less with late, not many with middleâ€, the flexibility to choose the appropriate time of insemination. 3 Experience in choosing the right insemination site shows that the rate of fertility in the uterus is the highest. With both hands, introduce the front end of the spermaphore into the cervical canal, then insert it into the cervix, pass through 2 to 4 corrugated spiral tissues, and then enter the uterus, then the semen can be injected at the base of the uterus. To determine the development of follicles on one side, deep semen can be input to the development side. Otherwise, it is better to lose to the base of the uterus. No matter which side ovulates, sperm will participate in fertilization. 4 Insemination should be less times should not be more than twice the amount of each emotional period is appropriate, such as the judge can be accurate to lose one can be fetus, the amount of each insemination for the particles with a thin tube with a suitable. It must be ensured that the sperm viability after thawing is above 0.3. Too many insemination times on the one hand result in the waste of semen, on the other hand there will be too many unpleasant stimuli to the cattle, resulting in increased distraction and increased chance of uterine disease infection. 5 Sterilization during insemination 5.1 Sterilization of insemination equipment The inseminator should be washed after use, and it should be sterilized by high temperature or boiling, sterilized one at a time, and preheated to 40°C before use, and then the semen should be sucked or put into a thin tube. Rinse with clean water immediately after use, disinfect and dry. It can also be disinfected with alcohol and used after drying. 5.2 Cleaning of the vulva of the cow Before the insemination, the genital area of ​​the cow is cleaned and the water stains are wiped off. When insemination is best to open the vulva, as far as possible to avoid contact with the genital area of ​​the cow sterilized disinfection device, in order to reduce the chance of uterine infection. 5.3 During the actual operation, uterine diseases are increased due to incomplete disinfection of utensils and cattle vulva, and it is common to reduce sperm motility and the conception rate of cows. Therefore, disinfection cannot be sloppy. 6 Freeze-thaw thawing technology In practical operation, there are various methods of thawing, such as natural method, hand-twist method, cold water method, warm water method, etc. The author has proved that the best method of hydrolyzing and freezing with a temperature of 38-40°C is better than that of spermatozoa. Other methods should be higher than 0.1, thawing should not be soaked in warm water for a long time, should be taken out within 10 ~ 20s dry, and in the shortest possible time to complete insemination. 7 Specific operation techniques for insemination 7.1 Check whether the appliance is sterilized or not, and ensure safe and effective insemination. 7.2 Thawing warm water is best boiled and then boiled with cold water into 38 ~ 40 °C warm water, in order to ensure that the thin tube is not contaminated and reduce the chance of infection. 7.3 The tube or pellets should be picked up quickly. The retention time outside the tank should be controlled within 5 s. Try not to get the precision bag or frozen extract cylinder out of the tank. It should be 10cm below the neck of the tank. Taking fines affects the quality of frozen sperm. 7.4 After thawing, inspect whether there is any phenomenon of broken water in the thin tube. If there is water, it should be discarded and used, and at the same time, read the number and date of the tube and make a record. 7.5 When cutting the thin tube, cut the mouth to be flush, dry the water stain and insert it into the spermatophore. At the same time, perform microscopic examination of the semen. The vigor of the semen should not be less than 0.3, and ensure the conception rate. 7.6 Before insemination, empty the cow's rectum and store the excrement in order to facilitate the touching and grasping of the cervix, disinfecting and cleaning the genitals of the cow. The operator will enter the rectum to grasp the cervix with one hand and hold the spermatrical device in one hand. After the vulva is separated by the helper or the animal owner, it is first slanted into the urethra and then inserted horizontally. At this point the hand in the rectum can feel the position of the anaesthesia, and both hands cooperate to insert the anaesthesia into the opening of the uterus. Insert the depth into the insemination site as described above, pull the spermalyser back slightly, and push the semen back in. Do not block the spermatozoon in front of the spermatophore at the top of the uterus so that the semen cannot be pushed back and cause backflow. . The insemination operation is based on the principle of “slow insertion, accuracy, depth, lightness, and easeâ€. 8 Problems that may be encountered during insemination Timely treatment 8.1 The cervix cannot be grasped in the rectum. This is mainly due to the fact that some cows have deep cervix and drooping, and the usual sites cannot be found. The method of treatment can be searched by inserting the vaginal transfusion device. 8.2 The insemination device can not be inserted into the vagina. This is because the insemination device is dry or it enters the urethra incorrectly. Or the direction of the insertion is not correct, or the cow is in a tight vaginal flexion obstruction, etc. The treatment method is to clean and sterilize the cow's genital area before the insemination, if necessary, apply lubricant to the insemination device. Avoiding the urethral meatus during insemination, when the spermatozoa is inserted into the spermatorrhea, it should be slowly rotated forward. Do not insert it hard so as not to damage the vagina. 8.3 Insemination can not be on the cervix This is mainly to grasp the uterus in the rectum, causing the cervix sagging, or vaginal folds barrier, vaginal length and bending obstruction, the sperm excision biased towards the periphery of the cervix. The solution is to grip the neck of the rectum should grasp the cervix at the mouth, do not cross the front, otherwise it will cause the cervix to be free and under the bend. If the vaginal folds block the insertion, do not squash it at this time, push the cervix hand forward, so that the vagina stretch straight folds, with both hands can be smoothly inserted. If the infertilizer is biased into the periphery of the cervix, it should be returned slowly and slowly with both hands to guide insertion. When the inseminator is inserted into the cervix, it can be gently shaken. At this time, the hand holding the cervix can feel whether it is actually inserted into the cervix. 8.4 Semen residue after completion of insemination is mainly due to the obstruction of the front exit of the infarct in the vagina or uterus, or to the poor sealing of the piston at the end of the thin tube. The treatment method is: when injecting semen, firstly pull the spermatore outwards, or move it to different angles to avoid being blocked by mucus or mucous membranes. When semen is injected, it should be slow. After completion, check whether there is semen residue, if necessary. Semen should be lost. If it is caused by poor sealing of the piston at the end of the thin tube, it should reflect improvement to the production field. 9 Causes and Treatments for Repeated Infertility in Cows 9.1 Causes of repeated infertility are physiological (congenital) and pathological. Physiological main obstruction of the fallopian tubes and uterine horn obstruction, resulting in sperm can not reach the fertilization site resulting in repeated infertility; pathological main ovarian cysts, oophoritis and metritis, mostly due to artificial insemination and strict disinfection, midwifery or placental separation Caused by improper handling. 9.2 Physiological factors Repeated infertility cows often occur in cows that are not born with paralysis, and their ovulation is normal during the same period. 9.3 pathological more common recessive uteritis and suppurative uterine inflammation. Recessive myometitis showed mostly normal estrus cycle, but increased mucus secretion, sometimes yellowish water samples, and the uterine horns could be slightly thickened by direct examination. Suppurative metritis showed irregular estrus cycle, common vaginal discharge was milky purulent secretions, pustular secretions were increased during estrus or direct examination. The direct examination revealed that the uterine wall was thickened and the elasticity was reduced. The severe uterus showed a sac-like fluid filling. 9.4 Treatment methods Physiological should be eliminated, pathological treatment according to different conditions. 9.4.1 Follicle cysts can be intramuscularly injected with 1000-2000 IU of maternal serum once every other day for 2 consecutive uses. Progesterone 500 ~ 1000mg intramuscular injection once every other day, once every 3 times. Luteinizing hormone 200 ~ 400IU, intramuscular injection every other day or once daily for 2 consecutive times. 9.4.2 Recessive metritis can wash the uterus in normal saline about 20 hours after the estrus of the cow. After the flushing fluid was drained, physiological saline was mixed with 160 to 2.4 million IU of penicillin, and 1 million IU of streptomycin was injected into the uterus. After 4 to 5 hours, a dose of 300 to 500 g of a progestational agent was injected. The first insemination was performed 4 to 5 hours after administration, and once every 8 to 10 hours. 9.4.3 Suppurative metritis, the uterus can be washed with 0.1% potassium permanganate solution 2 to 3 times, when the purulent discharge is reduced and then with saline, penicillin, streptomycin mixed rinse the uterus 2 or 3 times, until the heat After the treatment of subclinical metritis treatment and artificial insemination. As long as the method is appropriate and the treatment is timely, the cure rate of pathological infertility can reach more than 80%. 10 Do early diagnosis of pregnancy, do a good job of compounding and improve the overall conception rate. The pregnancy test should be performed 18 to 20 days after the cow is mated. If it is determined that there is no pregnancy, the cause should be identified as much as possible, and appropriate measures must be taken to supplement the disease in time. .